Ethnic Differences in the Prognostic Value of Coronary Artery Calcification for All-cause Mortality.
From: Cardiac MRI PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publish Date: Sep 2007
- ISSN: 1558-3597
- Volume: 50
- Issue: 10
- Pages: 953-60
- Medium: Internet
- Language: English
- Citation (JAMA): Nasir Khurram, Shaw Leslee J, Liu Sandy T, et al. Ethnic Differences in the Prognostic Value of Coronary Artery Calcification for All-cause Mortality.. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Sep 2007;50:953-60
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of coronary artery calcium (CAC), a known marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, in a large, ethnically diverse cohort of 14,812 patients for the prediction of all-cause mortality. BACKGROUND: Disparities in case fatality rates for heart disease among ethnic groups are well known. In 2001, rates of death from heart disease were 30% higher among African Americans (AA) than non-Hispanic whites (NHW). Some of this variability may be due to differing pathophysiological mechanisms and effects of underlying atherosclerosis. METHODS: Ten-year death rates from all causes (total deaths = 505) were compared using risk-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models in AA (n = 637), Hispanic (HS, n = 1,334), Asian (AS, n = 1,065), and NHW (n = 11,776) populations. RESULTS: Ethnic minority patients were generally younger (0.3 to 4 years), more often persons with diabetes (p < 0.0001), hypertensive (p < 0.0001), and female (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of CAC scores > or =100 was highest in NHW (31%) and lowest for HS (18%) (p < 0.0001). Overall survival was 96%, 93%, and 92% for AS, NHW, and HS, respectively, as compared with 83% for AA (p < 0.0001). When comparing prognosis by CAC scores in ethnic minorities as compared with NHW, relative risk ratios were highest for AA with CAC scores > or =400 exceeding 16.1 (p < 0.0001). Hispanics with CAC scores > or =400 had relative risk ratios from 7.9 to 9.0, whereas AS with CAC scores > or =1,000 had relative risk ratios 6.6-fold higher than NHW (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with population evidence, AA with increasing burden of subclinical coronary artery disease were the highest-risk ethnic minority population. These data support a growing body of evidence noting substantial differences in cardiovascular risk by ethnicity.
Mesh Headings (Keywords): African Americans, Aged, Asian Americans, Calcinosis, Coronary Disease, Coronary Vessels, European Continental Ancestry Group, Female, Hispanic Americans, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Prognosis, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk Factors, Survival Analysis, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, United States
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